Ban Ki-Moon's Leadership Style Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boycott Ki-Moon's Leadership Style - Research Paper Example In any case, Ban is by all accounts quiet on these issues. He isn't at all asking United States or Israel to stop their slaughters at various pieces of the world. Pundits of Ban accept that he is keeping a genius American substitute his working. Ian William (2010) brought up that in a discourse conveyed at 22nd Summit Conference of the League of Arab States held in Sirte, Libya on March 27, 2010, â€Å"Ban remarked on issues identified with the circumstance in Gaza and expressed his help for the foundation of an autonomous Palestinian state† (Ban Ki-moon's Soft-Spoken Approach Belies His Straightforward Words, p.20). Despite the fact that Ban condemned a portion of the activities of Israel in this discourse, he was quick to utilize just delicate words to reprimand Israel. Truth be told numerous individuals accept that he had no other method to abstain from censuring Israel in this gathering since the gathering was sorted out by Arab states. Then again, researchers, for example , Ian Williams accept that Ban is effectively dealing with a portion of the issues required by Israel. He has brought up that â€Å"Ban Ki-Moon's influence constrained Israel to acknowledge a global certainty discovering investigation into the Gaza flotilla assault†(Ban Ki-moon Engages Israeli Politicians, as Israel Remains Mum on Kosovo Precedent, p.19). Prior, Israel was resolved in their methodologies and they never acknowledged the proposals to permit any worldwide offices to meddle in their issues. They never permitted any global offices to enter Israel’s domains to direct any enquiries. In any case, Ban was fruitful in convincing Israel to permit an unbiased enquiry by a worldwide body about Gaza flotilla attack. Schlesinger (2010) referenced that America sidelined United Nations while managing... This paper manages the significant analysis marked against Ban Ki-moon’s authority is that â€Å"he selected his own kin and stepped his own needs on the organization†. At the end of the day, Ban was sharp in delegating those individuals who are supporters of his arrangements. While delegating UN authorities at different pieces of the world or while posting UN harmony keeping powers at various pieces of the world, Ban gave more underscore to safeguard his inclinations. â€Å"He attempts to solidify his position a little wonkily through issues, with the world budgetary emergency sharing the highest point of the need list with worldwide warming†. Numerous individuals accept that Ban like to have one more term in UN secretary’s office and for that reason he purposely attempting to pick up help from every single significant force. Despite the fact that Ban is deserving admiration from all the significant powers on the planet, he neglected to deserve admiration from a portion of the hazardous nations. For instance, it is accounted for that â€Å"Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, who is confronting worldwide strain to end a crackdown on hostile to government protestors, isn't taking the U.N. boss' telephone calls†.

Embracing Customer Relationship Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Embracing Customer Relationship Management. Answer: Presentation ABC is an Australian based private vacationer organize that pulls in excess of 200,000 families in a range on one year. The business incorporates the essential vacation destinations that can be visited along one of significant Australian interstates. The business serves the clients that are from Australian and furthermore from other universal areas. There are numerous escape clauses present in the present framework that is followed for the administration and execution of the business exercises. This prompts the failure to meet the client desires. One of the significant downsides of the present framework is the failure to be gotten to on the versatile stages. So as to defeat such issues, it has been suggested that a computerized framework will be created with numerous new capacities and highlights. The four essential regions that will be focused in this assignment would be fund the board, booking exercises, human asset the board and the client relationship and interface the board. The archive is a report for the task that covers the arranging and the executives subtleties around the venture. Presumptions Limitations The range of abilities of the task HR are sufficient and according to the business particulars and their satisfaction for the undertaking. There will be a great deal of arranging important for the undertaking as it is gigantic and furthermore has a place with the class of basic ventures. The assets and costs vital for the execution and satisfaction of the venture exercises will be orchestrated by the Project Sponsor. The financial plan alongside the timetable that is resolved for the task is fixed and it would not be conceivable to make any upgrades in these two territories related with the venture. The workplace and the arrangement of instruments fundamental for the execution of the undertaking exercises will be given and masterminded ahead of time to the venture assets (Peslak, 2012). The venture will be overseen by utilizing and applying the undertaking the board strategy as Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). The venture will be finished in a progression of stages as inception, arranging, improvement, testing, documentation and conclusion. PMBOK technique has five stages as inception, arranging, execution, control and conclusion. The exercises that go under PMBOK will be applied and matched up with the undertaking stages. There will be numerous evaluations that will be set and chosen for the venture in the arranging stage. These would basically incorporate timetable, financial plan, extension and assets. The commencement stage must cover the plausibility examination and sanctioning procedures followed by estimation of calendar, spending plan, degree and assets in the arranging stage. The execution must concentration upon the administration of structure, advancement and incorporation exercises. The control stage must incorporate the survey and checking alongside the usage and testing forms. The last conclusion stage must include the acknowledgment and sign offs alongside the accommodation of conclusion report. Undertaking Scope Management The undertaking will be structured and created with five modules as money the executives, HR the board, plan the board, client relationship the executives and office the board. The computerized framework would be made available on web and portable stages. The venture assets will incorporate and test the five modules and will discharge a solitary eunit (Mirza, Pourzolfaghar and Shahnazari, 2013). The mechanized framework will be conveyed at the customer side and will be made accessible to the end clients with the ideal structure and functionalities executed in it. The data related with the necessities will be gathered and examined and appropriately the arranging will be done. The framework will likewise be structured with the characteristics like unwavering quality, accessibility, security and great execution. Out-of-Scope Outsider deferrals and scratch-offs won't be dealt with by the task group. The progressions demands not endorsed by the support won't be dealt with (Randolph, 2013). Any dealings with the outsiders won't be secured Time Estimates Schedule Management Aside from the time estimations, spending estimations and degree the board, the accompanying gatherings or modules will be utilized and executed in the task as the modules and the administration exercises will likewise be founded on the equivalent. Money Management System: Additional costs present in the present framework as far as the expense of handouts and printing costs will be killed and spending will be dealt effortlessly (O'Leary, 2009). The venture the board must do and apply the administration exercises, for example, arranging, observing and control to comprehend the advancement and adherence to the prescribed procedures. Human Resource Management System: The administration exercises, for example, increment conversations and collaborations with the HR alongside asset following will be actualized and the equivalent will be applied in the venture exercises also for effective administration of the HR (Gagnon, 2006). Planning Tasks: The framework will ensure that the client appointments are investigated and the assets are in like manner gave. The security measures, updating of the database and following of the clients will be performed. The administration must ensure that check and approval strategies are applied around there to follow the advancement. Client Relationship Management System: The client the board and interface necessities will be met by making the data accessible on the portable just as web stages. Online life gatherings and systems will be utilized to give the clients the necessary subtleties. Additionally, the help will be given as far as help and inquiry zones (Ayiri and Kudzanayi, 2017). Office Management System: This module will be overseen by actualizing the propelled occurrence recording and reaction offices in the framework. Similar controls will be utilized for venture the board also. Revealing Requirements Report Name Report Frequency Submitted to Method of Reporting Day by day Status Report Day by day Venture Manager Messages Week after week Status Report Week after week Venture Sponsor SharePoint Change Requests Report Every other month Undertaking Manager SharePoint Imperfection Report Month to month Undertaking Manager and Sponsor SharePoint Conclusion Report Once At Project Completion Venture Sponsor SharePoint Venture Risk Management There might be numerous dangers that may develop during the undertaking. A methodology will be essential for the administration of the dangers and this methodology will have various stages as graphically spoke to underneath. The above chart speaks to the procedure that will be utilized for the administration of the dangers for this situation. The data framework that will be produced for ABC Company may have numerous dangers because of the business type and nature of the undertaking. The initial phase in the hazard the executives procedure will be the distinguishing proof of the dangers. In this stage or sub-process, all types of dangers independent of their temperament, type, need and seriousness will be recognized and recorded. This data and recognizable proof will be performed based on the data that will be gathered from different sources. These sources will incorporate the venture partners, showcase data, heritage frameworks and so on. The following sub-process will be the investigation of the dangers. In this sub-process, the dangers that are recognized will be investigated as far as the venture particulars, stages and achievement as far as the probability, effect and rank. The dangers will at that point be assessed in the third stage wherein the dangers that might be acknowledged will be distinguished. The ones that can't be acknowledged will be moved to the fourth sub-process as hazard treatment. Hazard treatment is a sub-process in which different treatment approaches and instruments will be recognized and applied. There can be different treatment forms that can be applied as relief, shirking or move. The methodology relevant to each hazard will be chosen and actualized. The observing and control exercises related with the dangers will be done in the last stage with the accommodation of a conclusion report. Hazard Register Hazard Name Hazard Likelihood (1-5, 5 is most noteworthy) Hazard Impact (1-5, 5 is most noteworthy) Hazard Rank (Likelihood * Impact) Hazard Treatment Strategy Security Risks and Attacks 4 4 16 Hazard Avoidance Use of specialized , physical and managerial security controls Quality Issues 2 5 10 Hazard Avoidance Training on quality principles and observing of adherence to the measures Operational Errors 5 3 15 Hazard Avoidance Training on operational procedures and observing of adherence to the principles Timetable Overrun 2 5 10 Hazard Avoidance Tracking of the undertaking exercises against the evaluated plan Specialized Faults 4 3 12 Hazard Mitigation Use of elective apparatuses Lawful/Political Risks 1 5 5 Hazard Avoidance Training on lawful strategies and checking of adherence to the guidelines Spending Overrun 4 5 20 Hazard Avoidance Tracking of the task exercises against the assessed spending plan Checking, Review Evaluation The checking and survey forms will be done by the Project Manager and the senior administration. These procedures must incorporate the execution of the check and approval methods to comprehend the advancement of the venture, adherence to the accepted procedures alongside clashes, debates, dangers and issues. These procedures must incorporate a survey plan arranged before all else and the equivalent will be followed. The aftereffects of th

whats the word for

what’s the word for forgetting what day it is eating because you want to keep your mouth busy, not because you’re hungry but because you want to keep moving the trance that comes after watching a good movie or a good book, the span of moments in which you’re not quite ready to accept the fact that something’s ended, followed by the immediate urge to check your phone an old friend that you’ve just met understanding only half of what someone just said, and piecing together the other half based on context, or visual cues, or what you think they said remembering an event only because it was in your calendar the scent of rain the act of looking for someone to talk to, like sending texts to everyone who would conceivably reply back and wouldn’t think you’re weird because you’re starting a conversation for no reason opening a fridge immediately after closing it, leaving a website because you’re bored then immediately opening another tab of the same page, or opening messenger every two and a half minutes in the middle of the night suddenly becoming conscious of a certain instrument while listening to a song. or suddenly becoming conscious of anything about a song, especially after listening to it multiple times in a passive, detached manner the point after which it is too late to ask for someone’s name a default, automatic response to a question that’s not completely accurate, but would have been better if it was. like the “nothing much” to “what’s up” or “i’m good” to “how are you” knowing how to use the basement hallways without getting lost or using a map being homesick for a place you’ve never been to recognizing someone as being from the same country you are when you’re both in a foreign place, or being gay somewhere really conservative and seeing someone having a rainbow button pin on their bag eye contact in public transportation the inability to stop feeling something despite knowing exactly why you’re feeling it expecting someone to be somewhere and then they’re not. like walking into a lounge and seeing no one there, or seeing an empty room behind a door that’s slightly ajar silently and slowly drifting away, like how people leave the morning after a big sleepover, or how leaves fall from trees this time of year, or how a conversation shifts to lighter and lighter topics being lonely despite talking to lots of people all day being tired despite not doing anything all day really  needing hugs wishing you could fast-forward a friendship with someone past the getting-to-know-you stage and into some actual closeness attempting to help others who have the same problems you have blasting music and dancing in an empty room, so we can shorten the phrase “dance like no one’s watching” editing something twelve, thirteen, fourteen times to get it  just right the simultaneous relief and anxiety from finishing something. it’s done, it’s over with, you finished the application, you passed it by the deadline, you made a blog post. but you’re scared that it won’t go well, that people won’t respond well to it, that you’ve put all this effort into it and you know you’ll be disappointed if you don’t get the results you want. you silently hope to yourself that it’ll turn out well anyway. you console yourself with phrases like, but it’s about the process or  it’s about what you learned along the way. it doesn’t really make you feel better.

Nikola Tesla Essay - 1355 Words

Born in 1856 the son of an Orthodox priest in Smiljan, Croatia, Nikola Tesla had an early exposure to inventing. His mother, although unschooled, was a very intelligent woman who often created appliances that helped with home and farm responsibilities, such as a mechanical eggbeater. Young Nikola was schooled at home during his early years and later attended a school in Carlstadt, Croatia. He soon developed advanced skills such as doing calculus integrals in his head. He very deeply wanted to attend college and become an engineer, but his father wanted him to join the priesthood. When Nikola was seventeen, he caught cholera and made his father to promise that if he survived the illness that he would be allowed to go to college.†¦show more content†¦Edison hired Tesla anyway. Tesla claimed later that Edison had promised him $50,000 if he was able to improve the DC plants in New York. Months later, Tesla was finished. However, Edison explained that the proposed $50,000 had been made in jest and said When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke. Tesla resigned. During this time word had begun to travel that a foreigner of unusual talent was digging ditches to stay alive(www.pbs.org). Investors began to contact Tesla offering him money to improve the current method of arc lightning. This was enough for the European to form the Tesla Electric Light Company. Tesla was able to make the improvements he promised, but all the money made went to the investors and all he got were stock certificates. Later, Mr. A.K. Brown of the Western Union Company invested in Teslas AC motor idea. A little ways down the street from Thomas Edisons office, Tesla established a small laboratory where he began to work on his motor. The product turned out just exactly as he imagined it while he was working for the telephone company, and soon after the AC generator became the future of power and replaced Edisons DC plants. Teslas patents for AC were so novel that they were not met with a single successfulShow MoreRelatedNikola Tesla Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Lika, which at that time was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, which is now known as Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and he was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and she invented household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and three younger sisters. In 1873, Tesla studied at the the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At firstRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthings, but I bet it wont give any mention of a man by the name of Nikola Tesla. In fact, I bet they wont give much mention of Tesla for any of the many things he invented. We can thank Thomas Edison for this. Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljian, Croatia at precisely midnight on July 9/10, 1856. Not a lot is known about his early childhood. His father was an orthodox priest, and his mother, though unschooled, was highly intelligent. Tesla had an extraordinary memory, and he spoke six languages. He SpentRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1458 Words   |  6 PagesNikola Tesla (1856-1943) was an inventor and is responsible for the world as we know it. He developed alternating current, the Tesla coil, and wireless connectivity. Today he is regarded as one of the most important geniuses in history, but while he was alive, his ideas were largely unsupported. Tesla was born in Smiljan, Yugoslavia (modern-day Croatia) on July 10, 1856. He went to primary school, where he learned subjects such as arithmetic, religion, and German. From a very early age, Tesla wasRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and 3 younger sisters. Tesla studied at the Realschule, Karlstadt in 1873, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of PragueRead MoreEssay Nikola Tesla1035 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla is regarded as one of the most brilliant inventors in history. His work provided the basis for the modern alternating current power system, as well as having developed bo th radio and the fluorescent light bulb. He worked with Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, among others. He was also widely misunderstood by his peers and the public at large. Biography Nikola Tesla was born in a small town called Smiljan, in what is now Croatia, during a lightning storm. Some would say thatRead MoreBiography of Nikola Tesla 1054 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla is undoubtedly one of the most influential scientists of all time. He was born on July 10th, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika; at this time, Smiljan was located in the Austro-Hungarian Empire region of Croatia. Tesla was thought to be one of the very few people who possessed an eidetic, or photographic, memory. He had numerous ideas for possible inventions, which he almost never felt the need to write down. In his lifetime he registered more than seven hundred patents around the world.2 Some ofRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages Nikola Tesla Few people recognize his name today, and even among those who do, the words Nikola Tesla are likly to summon up the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the world has ever known. He was, without doubt, a genius who is not only credited with many devices we use today, but is also credited with astonishing, sometimes world-transforming, devices that are even simply amazing by todays scientific standards. Tesla was bornRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1801 Words   |  8 PagesNikola Tesla was an inventor, electrical engineer, futurist, mechanical engineer and physicist. He is the original inventor of the alternative currents which revolutionize the way we use electricity. He made countless more inventions like remote controls, wireless telegraph, neon lamps, three-phase electric power. Many people think that Thomas Edison made electricity available to us which he did for a while but it was very dangerous, however Nokia Tesla was the true inventor that provided us withRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success... such emotions make a man forget food, sleep, friends, love, everything. Nikola Tesla Few people know his name today, and even those who do the words Nikola Tesla are likely to come up with the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the worldRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1212 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla, noted inventor, engineer, machinist, and electrical pioneer was born in 1846 in what is now modern Croatia. His parents had â€Å"five children which included siblings Dane, Angelina, Milka and Marica, in the family. His mother, Djuka Mandic, who invented small household appliances in her spare time while her son was growing up, spurred Tesla’s interest in electrical invention. Tesla s father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian orthodox priest and a writer, and he pushed for his son to join

The United States Post Civil War - 1173 Words

The United States post-Civil War era from 1875 to 1900 experienced massive economic and industrial growth, especially in the North. The rise of new machines, industries (railroad, oil, steel), and buildings contributed to a major upsurge in the prosperity of the American nation. In 1860, no American city had a population over one million; by 1890, three cities had passed the million mark. New York City became the second largest city in the world after London in 1900. The substantial growth of the U.S economically can be contributed to a group of wealthy capitalists that ran businesses/industries and stimulated economic growth. However, historians have argued over whether these capitalists were â€Å"robber barons† that were corrupt and took advantage of the American people or â€Å"captains of industry† that helped the U.S grow at unparalleled speeds. Wealthy capitalists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were indeed â€Å"captains of industry† who e nlarged American industry and businesses, used their wealth to better their communities, and elevated the United States to new heights as one of the leading industrial powers of the entire world. The major wealthy capitalists of the time-Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J. Pierpont Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt-all played a tremendous role in developing American industry and ultimately the economy as a whole. Through their business ventures, they vastly increased the industrial output of America. For example,Show MoreRelatedHow Did The Radical Republican s Rise For The Failure Of The Post Civil War Reconstruction?1619 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction? The time between 1863, when Lincoln passed the ten percent act, until the year 1877, when reconstruction was officially ended, will be evaluated with information provided by the sources. The investigation will specifically look to how the Lincoln assassination allowed for the rise in the Radical Republican Party from 1866 to 1868 and the party’s effect on reconstruction acts leading to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction era. EricRead MoreTime Line 21050 Words   |  5 Pages c) The Compromise of 1850 d) The Underground Railroad | 1800-1870 | a. a book that describes how slaves were treated that helped fuel the civil war.b. allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders.c. the balance of power between slave and free states following American acquisition of new territory in the Mexican-American War.d. an underground passage that ran from the south to the north for a way forRead MoreSocial Problems: Is the United States Post-Racial?1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Is the United States Post-Racial? The election of Barack Obama to the Presidency of the United States has generated a lot of discussions and debate on the current racial affairs in the United States. Many assume that Obamas presidency ushers a new era post-racial America. So, I decided to read a few recent articles on the topic. The first was by Time Wise where he reflects on denial and reality in response to the question what is post-racial? (Wise, 2012). Wises article is depressing becauseRead MoreCivil Rights : An Appearance1338 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Roe US History 1 October 2014 Civil Rights as an Appearance The United States prided itself on personal and collective freedoms during the Cold War, despite actively denying the same inalienable rights to the African American population during that time. Mary L. Dudziak’s book Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy and Jacquelyn Dowd Hall’s article â€Å"The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past† interpret civil rights history in two compatible waysRead MoreReconstruction : The Misadventures Of Post Civil War1116 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction (The Misadventures of Post-Civil War America) America: â€Å"The land of the free, and the home of the brave† (Key 7-8). When our forefathers overcame the colonial reign of the British Empire, they formed the United States of America based on the premise of enlightened ideals promoting life, ownership of land, and liberty. But after the revolution, the country’s problems were far from solved. The country’s post-revolution issues sparked a Civil War, which was followed by a reconstructionRead MoreCivil Liberties During World War II1665 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II. --President George H.W. Bush, 1988 Many times in history the Supreme Court has been faced with deciding how to treat civil liberties during war time. This raises the question, what restrictions if any should the court allow during wartime. The court is faced with making the decision on civil liberties during wartime for security reasons, and to protect the rights of the individual. While some may say that the no exception stance may put our national security at risk during war timeRead MoreThe American Civil War1296 Words   |  6 Pages The American Civil War, also known as the State’s War, was a conflict that arose mostly from the issue of slavery, but deep down was due to economic differences between the North and the South. The South seceded from the North and created their own self-government due to their belief in the lack of state’s rights versus the federal government and what they saw as a weakness in the Articles of Confederation. While the Confederacy of the United States depended on slave la bor for their economy in regardsRead MoreOrigin Of And Role Played By Manifest Destiny1323 Words   |  6 Pagesand Role Played by Manifest Destiny John O’Sullivan, a newspaper editor, coined the term Manifest Destiny in 1845. Since then, scholars have used the term to refer to the expansionistic excitement that defined the 1840s. During that time, the United States’ population had more than quadrupled and Americans believed God had destined that they span the entire North America from one coast to the other. Although the term â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was used to typify the 1840s American expansionistic exuberanceRead MoreCivil Rights Movements During The World War II911 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Rights Movements After the World War II, the United States has a significant impact in social changes on minorities’ social class status and gender. Women were not given equal rights to men and segregation in school between African American and White people to raise the issues to the roof. Veterans returned from the War had been treated badly and considered a lower class in society. Civil Rights movement involved many minorities group of people in the United States fight for the equal rightsRead MoreThe Second American Revolution891 Words   |  4 PagesStatement â€Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war† Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clear to the Southern slave states that the North

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 4 Free Essays

The next day, I went to the address on Dante’s business card. It was in Rainier Valley, which wasn’t exactly rundown but wasn’t upwardly mobile either. The directions led to a narrow shop jammed in between a barber and a shady-looking convenience store. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now PSYCHIC hung in red neon letters in the window. The â€Å"I† had burned out. Underneath it, a handwritten sign read: PALM READING TAROT CARDS. I stepped through the door, making bells ring. The interior proved to be as barren as the exterior. A narrow counter flanked one wall. The rest of the small, stark space was empty, save for a round table covered in red velvet that had cigarette burns on it. A tacky crystal ball sat on top. This place was a wasteland compared to Erik’s warm, inviting shop. â€Å"Just a minute,† a voice called from an open doorway in the back. â€Å"I’ve just got to – â€Å" A man entered the room and stopped when he saw me. He was about six-foot, with black hair pulled back in a ponytail. Two days worth of facial hair covered his face, and he wore jeans and a plain black T-shirt. Early forties, maybe, and pretty cute. He looked me over from head to toe and gave me a sly, knowing smile. â€Å"Well, hello. What do we have here?† He tilted his head, still studying me. â€Å"Not human, that’s for sure. Demon? No, not strong enough. Vampire? No†¦not this time of day.† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stopped, surprised that he’d sensed something in me. He had no immortal signature; he was definitely human. He must be like Erik, I realized. A mortal who could sense the immortal world, though he didn’t have enough skill to pinpoint what I was exactly. Deciding there was no point in subterfuge, I said, â€Å"I’m a succubus.† He shook his head. â€Å"No, you aren’t.† â€Å"Yes, I am.† â€Å"You aren’t.† I was a bit surprised to be having this conversation. â€Å"I am too.† â€Å"No. Succubi are flame-eyed and bat-winged. Everyone knows that. They don’t wear jeans and sweaters. At the very least, you should have a bigger chest. What are you, 34B or something?† â€Å"C,† I said indignantly. â€Å"If you say so.† â€Å"Look, I am a succubus. I can prove it.† I let my form change, shifting through several different female variations before returning to my usual one. â€Å"See?† â€Å"Well, I’ll be damned.† I had a feeling he was playing with me. â€Å"Are you Dante?† â€Å"For now.† He approached and shook my hand, holding on to it. He flipped it over. â€Å"You here for a palm reading? I’ll show you how to shape-shift your hand to get a good future.† I took my hand back. â€Å"No, thanks. I’m here because I have some questions†¦questions that Erik Lancaster thought you might be able to answer.† Dante’s smile dropped. He rolled his eyes and walked over to the counter. â€Å"Oh. Him.† â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean? Erik’s my friend.† Dante leaned his back against the counter and crossed his arms over his chest. â€Å"Of course he’s your friend. He’s everyone’s friend. Fucking boy scout. If he could have shaken his holier-than-thou attitude and worked with me, we could have made a fortune by now.† I remembered what Erik had said about Dante being a con artist and a Hell-bound person. I didn’t pick up any evil vibes off him, but there was a definite abrasiveness to his attitude that made Erik’s assessment more plausible. â€Å"Erik has standards,† I declared. Dante laughed. â€Å"Oh, great. A holier-than-thou succubus. This is going to be fun.† â€Å"Look, can you just answer my questions? It won’t take long.† â€Å"Sure,† he said. â€Å"I’ve got time – at least until the next rush of customers.† The bitter tone in his voice as he gestured to the empty room indicated that there hadn’t been a rush in a very long time. â€Å"I had a dream the other night,† I explained. â€Å"And when I woke up, all my energy was gone.† â€Å"You’re a succubus. Supposedly. That kind of thing happens.† â€Å"I wish everyone would stop saying that! This wasn’t normal. And I’d been with a man the night before. I was charged up, so to speak.† â€Å"You do anything afterward that would have depleted the energy?† Everyone kept asking that too. â€Å"No. I just went to bed. But the dream†¦it was really strange. I don’t know how to explain it. Really, really vivid. I’ve never felt anything like it.† â€Å"What was it about?† â€Å"A, um, dishwasher.† Dante sighed. â€Å"Did someone pay you to come here and mess with me?† Through gritted teeth, I related the dream. â€Å"That’s it?† he asked when I finished. â€Å"Yup.† â€Å"Lame dream.† â€Å"Do you know what it means?† â€Å"Probably that you need to fix your dishwasher.† â€Å"It isn’t broken!† He straightened up. â€Å"Sorry. Can’t help you then.† â€Å"Erik said this was your specialty.† â€Å"It is, I suppose. But, sometimes a dream is just a dream. You sure you don’t want me to read your palm? It’s all bullshit, but I can at least make something up so you feel like the trip wasn’t wasted.† â€Å"No, I want to know about my fucking dream. How can it be just a dream if I woke up with no energy?† Dante walked back over to me and flicked a piece of escaped hair out of his face. â€Å"I don’t know. You aren’t giving me enough to go on. How many times has it happened?† â€Å"Just the one time.† â€Å"Then it may be just a fluke, kiddo.† I turned toward the door. â€Å"Well, thanks for the ‘help.'† Hurrying over to my side, Dante caught my arm. â€Å"Hey, wait. You want to go get a drink now?† â€Å"I – what?† â€Å"I’ll risk upsetting the masses and close up shop for the day. There’s a great bar around the corner. Draft Budweiser – only a dollar a glass during happy hour. My treat.† I scoffed. I didn’t know what was more absurd. That Dante thought I’d go out with him or that he thought I’d drink Budweiser. His attractiveness wasn’t enough to make up for his weird personality. â€Å"Sorry. I have a boyfriend.† â€Å"I’m not looking to be your boyfriend. Cheap sex is fine with me.† I met his eyes. They were gray, similar to Carter’s but without the silvery hue. I expected a joke here, but despite the perpetual smirk, Dante appeared to be perfectly serious. â€Å"Why on earth do you think I’d have cheap sex with you? Do I look that easy?† â€Å"You say you’re a succubus. You’re easy by definition. And even without the bat-wings and flame-eyes, you’re pretty cute.† â€Å"Aren’t you worried about your soul?† Even if he was as corrupt as Erik had insinuated – and I still wasn’t really seeing that – Dante would take some kind of hit from sleeping with me. All mortals did. Of course, I’d met plenty of men – good and evil alike – who’d been willing to risk their souls for sex. â€Å"Nope. My soul’s pretty far gone. This would just be for fun. Look, if you want to skip the beer, we can just get right to it. I’ve always wanted to do it on the table over there.† â€Å"Un-fucking-believable.† I pushed open the door. â€Å"Oh, come on,† he pleaded. â€Å"I’m pretty good. And hey, maybe your boyfriend’s poor sexual performance is what’s stressing you out and taking away your energy.† â€Å"Not likely,† I told him. â€Å"We don’t have sex.† There was a moment’s silence, then Dante threw back his head and laughed. â€Å"Did it occur to you that maybe that’s stressing you out? Clearly the dishwasher is a metaphor for your broken sex life, which then forces you to wash dishes ‘by hand.'† I left, heading back to the bookstore where I could get a little respect. Some dream expert Dante had turned out to be. I could see now why Erik didn’t really like him. I was also starting to wonder if maybe everyone was right. Maybe I had mentally burned myself out. Maybe the dream was really just a dream. I was almost at the bookstore when I got a phone call. â€Å"Miss Kincaid?† asked a pleasant female voice. â€Å"This is Karen from the Seattle Children’s Alliance, calling to confirm your participation in our auction this week.† â€Å"Your what?† There was a pause. â€Å"Our charity date auction, to raise money for the Alliance.† I was still baffled. â€Å"Um, sounds like a great cause, but I have no idea what you’re talking about.† I heard papers being ruffled. â€Å"We have you listed as a volunteer.† â€Å"For what, to be auctioned off for a date?† â€Å"Yes. It looks like†¦here we are. Your name was submitted by Dr. Mitchell.† I sighed. â€Å"Let me call you back.† I hung up and dialed Hugh. â€Å"Hey, Dr. Mitchell. You volunteered me to be auctioned off?† â€Å"It’s not that different from what you usually do,† he argued. â€Å"And it’s for charity.† â€Å"I buy the peace-on-Earth-and-good-will-toward-men thing from Peter and Cody – but not from you. You don’t care about those kids.† â€Å"I care about the group’s director,† Hugh said. â€Å"She’s a fucking fox. I get some high quality candidates to raise money, and I can probably get her in bed.† â€Å"You’re using a children’s charity to further your sex life. That’s horrible. And why didn’t you ask Tawny? If anyone needs a date, she does.† â€Å"Her? Jesus Christ. It’d be a disaster. We’re trying to make money here. Do you hate kids or something?† â€Å"No, but I don’t have time to do it. I’ll write them a check.† I hung up on his protests, just as I turned onto Queen Anne Avenue. I was a little early for my shift and decided to stop home and grab an apple and a granola bar. Last time I’d worked, we’d been so busy that I’d skipped my lunch break. I figured that this time, I should come prepared. My immortality wouldn’t let me starve to death, but I could still get lightheaded and weak. Halfway down the hall to my apartment, I felt a shock wave of crystalline goodness. Angelic auras. I opened my door and found the whole gang: Carter, Yasmine, Whitney, Joel, and Vincent. None of them spoke; they were all just watching me expectantly. The angels would have sensed me long before I sensed them. They all sat in my living room, casually occupying my sofa and chairs as though they weren’t a host of heavenly warriors. Well, not all of them were casual. Joel sat as stiff and formal as he had the first time I met him. â€Å"Oh, man,† I said, shutting the door behind me. â€Å"It’s just like that They Might Be Giants song.† Vincent grinned. â€Å"‘She’s an Angel’?† I nodded. â€Å"Somewhere they’re meeting on a pinhead – â€Å" † – calling you an angel, calling you the nicest things,† he finished. â€Å"What are you doing here?† demanded Joel, interrupting our jam session. â€Å"Or not so nice,† I muttered. I turned from Vincent and glared at Joel. â€Å"I live here, remember?† â€Å"We’re having a meeting,† he said. â€Å"Hey, when you asked if Vince could stay here, you never said anything about making this your top secret tree house headquarters. I don’t care if you guys hold your choir practice here or whatever, but don’t try to throw me out while you do.† â€Å"Sorry,† said Yasmine. I did a double-take. Apologies from angels were about as rare as from demons. From the look on his face, Joel was about as surprised as me. â€Å"We probably should have asked first. We can go somewhere else.† She leaned over my coffee table and started gathering up newspapers. Interesting. Apparently Vincent’s fixation with the news was more than just a personal hobby. I glanced back up at Yasmine and tried to act like I hadn’t noticed anything. â€Å"No, it’s fine. I’m actually heading right back out. I just came by for some food.† She pushed strands of long, black hair out of her face. They’d slipped out of her ponytail. â€Å"You want Vince to make you something?† He turned to her, startled, wearing an astonished, yet still-amused look. â€Å"What am I, your personal assistant?† â€Å"Not with the kind of respect you show us,† she grumbled. I hid a smile. â€Å"Thanks, but I’m fine. I don’t have the time.† â€Å"Good,† said Joel. â€Å"Then hurry up.† Whitney sighed and looked a little embarrassed – but not enough to contradict him. Yasmine had no such qualms and elbowed him in the ribs. â€Å"What was that for?† he exclaimed. â€Å"You have no manners,† she scolded. Grinning broadly, I went to the kitchen and found an apple. When I opened the cupboard to look for my granola bars, I found the box empty. â€Å"Hey,† I said, carrying it out to the living room. â€Å"Did somebody eat these? I had two left this morning.† Carter spoke up for the first time. â€Å"I was hungry.† I stared at him, incredulous. â€Å"You ate both of them?† â€Å"I was hungry,† he repeated, not looking contrite in the least. â€Å"Does it ever stop with you?† I exclaimed. â€Å"First the Christmas tree, now this? You didn’t even throw the box away!† â€Å"I was hoping you’d forgotten about the Christmas tree. That was an accident, and you know it.† I sighed loudly and put the apple in my purse. â€Å"I’m going to the grocery store later,† said Vincent helpfully. Aubrey jumped up and settled herself between him and Yasmine. Both their hands instantly moved to pet her. Aubrey gave me a smug cat look at the attention. â€Å"I’ll pick you up some more if you want.† â€Å"Pick him up some more so that he doesn’t go rob the food bank next. See you guys later. No wild parties while I’m gone.† Carter, Yasmine, and Vincent laughed; Whitney and Joel didn’t. When I’d shut the door behind me, I paused in the hall, wishing there was some way to spy on angels. There wasn’t, unfortunately. I couldn’t even hide from them. They could mask their signatures from me, but not vice versa. In fact, they all knew I hadn’t left yet. Annoyed, I headed downstairs, curiosity burning in me. Why were they all here? Why did they need a human? And what role did the newspapers play? Figuring out what angels did with their time was always difficult. With my side, it was pretty straightforward. We were always looking to commit souls to Hell and did so in a well-monitored, micro-managed manner. Heaven’s forces moved in mysterious ways, though. Carter’s purpose in Seattle was a continual puzzle for my friends and me since none of us ever saw any evidence of him doing anything particularly noble, aside from sharing his cigarettes. He did always show a lot of interest in my love life and was quick to dispense cryptic pieces of advice, but I suspected that was more curiosity than altruism. Work was only a few blocks away. Since it wasn’t raining, I simply walked down there. As soon as I entered Emerald City, Maddie approached me, an uncomfortable expression on her face. â€Å"Hey,† she said uneasily. â€Å"I, um, need your advice. I’m going to a wedding tomorrow and don’t know what to wear. This is so stupid†¦but could you take a look at my options?† Peering around, I decided the store could function without us for ten minutes, particularly since it had taken Maddie a fair amount of courage to broach this subject. I’d never actually seen her dress up before. â€Å"Okay. Let’s see what you’ve got.† We went back to my office, and she tried on three different dresses. No doubt Seth would have been amused to know she was changing clothes while I was in there. When she’d finished, I gave my honest opinion. â€Å"They don’t do you justice.† â€Å"Which is a nice way of saying they look awful on me.† Maddie balled one of the dresses up and tossed it to the floor. â€Å"I hate this sort of thing. How can I write about women’s issues and not be any good at them?† â€Å"Well†¦you write about different kinds of issues. The problem here is that you’re wearing clothes that are too big for you.† Her dark eyes widened in surprise. â€Å"I’m big. They’re loose. They hide it.† Maddie wasn’t big, not really. She was a size ten or twelve, if I had to guess, and her short height emphasized that a little. But her curves were all proportioned correctly, and she had a very pretty face. Of course, compared to the anorexic models so popular among humans today, I could understand her attitude. â€Å"You are not big. But those dresses make you look it. Something smaller’s going to make you look better.† â€Å"I can’t wear tight clothes.† â€Å"They don’t have to be tight. They just have to fit.† Maddie sighed and ran her hands down the sides of her thighs. â€Å"You don’t know what it’s like,† she said, the slightest accusatory note in her voice. â€Å"You’re beautiful and tiny. Not all of us have the luxury of looking perfect all the time.† â€Å"No one looks perfect all the time,† I argued. â€Å"I certainly don’t.† Okay, I kind of did. â€Å"You’ve just got to find the right things. And really, half of beauty is attitude. You feel sexy, then you are sexy.† Maddie looked dubious. â€Å"I don’t think it’s that easy. Guys aren’t exactly chomping at the bit to ask me out. You know how long it’s been since I was on a date?† â€Å"That goes back to attitude,† I said. â€Å"Look, I don’t mean to sound harsh, but you don’t always give off friendly vibes. I mean, you do to me. And to Doug. Sort of. But really, that’s it.† â€Å"I know I’m not the best with people,† she admitted, crossing her arms over her chest. â€Å"But I just can’t do meaningless small talk.† â€Å"Yeah, but you still have to do some talking. It’s a fact of life.† â€Å"Well, if guys came and actually talked to me, maybe I could try. But they aren’t really lining up.† She gestured at her body. â€Å"Because of this. And now we’ve come full circle.† â€Å"What if I could guarantee you a date?† I asked, suddenly inspired. Her lips quirked into a smile. It instantly transformed her face. â€Å"Are you asking me out?† â€Å"No, but someone else will, I’m certain of it. You just have to let me pick out your outfit.† â€Å"I’m not wearing anything slutty.† â€Å"It won’t be,† I promised. I stood up from my chair. â€Å"Look, I’ve gotta run. Wear the yellow dress to the wedding. With a belt. I’ll give you details later about the date plan.† She left, looking skeptical, and I threw myself into work. The rest of the day flew by. I never saw Seth in the caf? ¦ and presumed he was working at home today. We had a date later on, so I knew I’d see him then. Since becoming manager, I spent a lot of time holed up in my office, which was hard on the social part of me. But, every once in a while, I got to escape to cover someone’s break or arrange a display. While near the self-help section, a guy carrying some books stumbled near me and dropped the stack. Hoping he hadn’t tripped on a bump in the carpet and was planning a lawsuit, I hastily knelt down to help him. â€Å"No, no,† he said, cheeks burning. He was the age I looked, late twenties. Early thirties at most. â€Å"You don’t have to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was already stacking them, though, and quickly understood his discomfort. They were books on all sorts of fetishes – in particular, exhibitionism and voyeurism. â€Å"Oh God,† he said, as I handed him the books. â€Å"I’m so embarrassed. I feel like such a pervert.† â€Å"It’s okay,† I told him. â€Å"It’s your business, and we’ve all got our†¦ah, preferences.† He looked mildly reassured but still clearly wanted to bolt. There was a wedding ring on his hand, and I expected I was dealing with a fetish he probably didn’t share with his wife. Honestly, I was surprised he’d resorted to actual books when he could find a hundred times more sources on the Internet. Most likely he and his wife shared a home computer, and he feared discovery. It was Georgina the succubus, not Georgina the bookstore manager, who asked the next question. Georgina the bookstore manager would have gotten fired for it if caught. â€Å"You like the watching or the doing?† I kept my voice low. He swallowed, studied me for mockery, and must have decided I was serious. â€Å"The, um, doing.† For half a breath, I considered going for it with him. I needed the energy, badly. He’d be an easy mark, consumed with a secret obsession he couldn’t fulfill anywhere else. But, it’d mean doing it in this body, and I didn’t like that. This was my preferred, everyday shape. I didn’t want to sully it with business. So, I smiled and sent him on his way, silently wishing him well in fulfilling his sexual desires. I called Seth later while I was walking home from work to confirm our date. We were going to meet over at the Pacific Northwest Ballet to see The Nutcracker. While he appreciated the performing arts, getting him to go out while his book’s ending loomed had been a Herculean task, and I still couldn’t believe he’d agreed. He’d only conceded after I’d promised he could show up at the last possible minute. Only, we apparently had different definitions of â€Å"last possible minute† because when the lights went down, he still hadn’t surfaced. The ballet started, and I craned my neck each time I heard one of the doors open. The chair beside me stayed empty, unfortunately. It was a sign of my agitation that I missed a lot of the performance and couldn’t appreciate Clara’s dream – a dream as vivid for her as mine had been for me. I loved the ballet. I’d danced in a few shows over my lifetime and never got tired of watching graceful muscles and elaborate costumes. At intermission, I turned on my cell phone and saw that Seth had tried to call. I dialed him back without even listening to the voice message. When he answered, I said, â€Å"Please tell me a crazy fan kidnapped you and broke your legs with a sledgehammer.† â€Å"Um, no. Didn’t you get my message?† â€Å"Well, no, seeing as my phone said it came in a half-hour ago. I didn’t have it on because I was busy watching this thing. You know, The Nutcracker?† He sighed. â€Å"I’m sorry. I couldn’t leave. I was too wrapped up. I thought if I, uh, gave you enough notice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Notice? This was more like a belated birthday card. Six months after the fact.† Silence fell, and I felt some satisfaction in knowing he was quietly acknowledging his wrongdoing. â€Å"I’m sorry, Thetis. It was†¦I shouldn’t have done it, busy or not. I’m really sorry. You know how I get.† Now I sighed. He was so damned sincere and adorable that I had a hard time holding a grudge. This wasn’t, however, the first time he’d stood me up or otherwise neglected our social life. Sometimes I wondered if I allowed him too much indulgence. I spent so much time worrying about my transgressions taking advantage of him; maybe I was the one being walked over without even realizing it. â€Å"You want to meet up after the show?† I asked, trying not to sound mad. â€Å"Cody invited me out to the bar with them. We could hang out there for a while.† â€Å"Um†¦well, no.† â€Å"No?† The annoyance I’d tried to quell shot its head back up again. â€Å"I just forgave you for standing me up and wasting the money I paid on your ticket, and now you’re turning down my conciliatory offer?† â€Å"Look†¦I really am sorry, but watching you and your friends get drunk isn’t exactly appealing.† I sat for a moment, too stunned to respond. He’d spoken in his typically mild way, but I’d heard the slightest bit of derision underscoring his words. Seth didn’t drink. He always tolerated my excesses good-naturedly, but I suddenly wondered if they irritated him after all. His meaning came through as haughtiness to me. â€Å"Sorry we’re not up to your standards. God knows we can’t expect you to do anything outside of your comfort zone.† â€Å"Please, stop. I don’t want to fight with you,† he said with exasperation. â€Å"I’m really, really, really sorry about all this. I didn’t mean to stand you up. You know that.† The lights flashed, signaling the end of intermission. â€Å"I’ve got to go.† â€Å"Will you†¦will you please come over tonight? Go out with your friends, let me finish, and then I’ll make things up to you. I promise. I†¦I have an early Christmas present for you.† The hesitancy in his voice softened my heart. A little. â€Å"Yeah. Okay. It might be really late when I get there.† â€Å"I’ll wait up.† We said our good-byes and disconnected. I watched the rest of the show in a grumpy mood and decided drinking and bitching with the gang couldn’t come a moment too soon. How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 4, Essay examples

Ww Ll The Air War Essay Research free essay sample

Ww Ll The Air War Essay, Research Paper World War ll is one of the biggest and most remembered wars in American history. The Bombing of Germany was a large portion of the war. General Arnold wanted his service to utilize a selective bombardment technique against Germany because he considered it the most efficient manner for winning the war. He besides described it as a morally superior manner of carry oning war. In the spring of 1943, he sent his combat commanding officers a memoranda offering ethical and practical grounds for preciseness bombardment. He urged them to do certain that Army forces planes bombed every bit accurately as possible so the American circulars would non hold to put on the line their lives repeatedly to destruct marks that could be eliminated with one bomb. He besides warned his generals to avoid gratuitous injury to enemy civilians. Careless, inaccurate bombardment would distribute and escalate feelings of hatred toward other states after the war was over. We will write a custom essay sample on Ww Ll The Air War Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ( Schaffer 60-61 ) . With the successful allied landing in Western Europe and the progress of Soviet ground forcess in the East, it was clear that Germany had lost the war. But this was really different from conveying the German authorities to the point of resignation. Those who controlled the American and British air forces continued to seek for ways of utilizing air power to do Germany capitulate. Their proposals continued to include onslaughts on civilians- to interrupt their morale and interrupt their ties with Nazi leaders, to learn their lessons about the destiny of those who begin wars. Before the war American planing machines had imagined that bombing civilians at the right minute precipitate Germany # 8217 ; s collapse. ( Schaffer80 ) . One of the obstructions to direct onslaught on the German public -a deficit of planes- had stopped being a job. Nevertheless, among AAF officers and their advisers controversy persisted about proposals to destruct Germany # 8217 ; s will t o contend by assailing and terrorising the German people. ( Schaffer80 ) . In July of 1944, reacting to a determination by the British Chiefs of Staff, the Air Ministry produced an analysis of proposals for stoping the war through airial panic foraies. It examined suggestions for bombing little towns ; for foraies on several big metropoliss ; for broad spread strafing of civilian aims, such as route and railway traffic ; and for a individual desolation onslaught on Berlin. A transcript of this paper went to Washington, where General Laurence Kuter, the helper head of air staff for programs, analyzed the proposals and forced all of there deficient. ( Schaffer80 ) . The most of import factor traveling the AAF toward Douhetian war was the attitude of the states best civilian and military leaders. The main movers, some of them moved at times by other leaders and by fortunes, were Arnold, who, despite his penchant for selective bombardment, sometimes promoted less discriminate signifiers of onslaught ; Eisenhower, who would make anything to convey a fast terminal to the job ; Marshall, who wanted to set on CLARION and THUNDERCLAP and to demo the Germans traveling to Munich that their state of affairs was hopeless ; and Lovett, who felt the war should be painful and unforgettable to German civilians. ( Schaffer106 ) The explosion of atomic arms over Hiroshima and Nagasaki were an attempt by American strategic air forces to destruct about every of import metropolis in Japan. The first was the great Tokyo foray of March 9-10, 1945. The work forces who directed it hoped that incendiary air onslaught, together with precession bombardment of industrial and military together and the detonation of atomic bombardment would halt the will of the Nipponese people and destruct their states ability to contend. Optimistic that a Douhetian sort of warfare, which had non achieved the consequence the others had that were anticipated in Europe, would win in Asia, but neer knew what i t would take to do the Nipponese resignation. American planes devoted rational and physical resources to find how to take out Japans metropoliss. Some of the work forces who were toilets to these deliberations wondered at the same clip about the morality of what was being planned, but for the most portion contention about the moral issue in the American bombardment of Japan awaited the terminal of the war. ( Schaffer107 ) . When the Atomic bomb detonation stopped the Pacific air violative, planned so carefully by so many military and civilian specializers over so many old ages, American civilians and service work forces and other people throughout the universe were happy, for a awful war was stoping. But arguments had already started over the manner the United States used air power to penalize and get the better of the imperium of Japan. ( Schaffer148 ) . When people cause events to go on that are every bit of import as the devastation of the Nipponese metropoliss, it is natural to inquire how they thought about the moral issues involved. Were the Americans responsible for the manner Japan was bombed. Finding the replies to the inquiries is really difficult for the historiographers to decide. ( Schaffer149 ) . Some AAF commanding officers might take to the decision that they felt no concern about the morality of the atomic and fire bomb onslaught on Japan. General Eaken # 8217 ; s comment that he neer thought there was any moral sentiment among leaders of the AAF applied to those who directed the onslaughts against Nipponese urban centres, officers he knew good. General LeMay # 8217 ; s remarks seem to verify Eaker # 8217 ; s position. When an Air Force plebe asked him how much moral consideration affected his determinations about bombing Japan, Le May said, # 8220 ; Killing Nipponese didn # 8217 ; t bother me at this clip. It was acquiring the war over with that bothered me, so I wasn # 8217 ; t worried peculiarly about how many people we killed in acqu iring the occupation done # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. All war is immoral, and if you let it trouble oneself you, you # 8217 ; re non a good soldier ( Schaffer150. ) # 8221 ; Droping the atomic bomb caused him he said, # 8220 ; no trouble # 8221 ; . ( Schaffer150 ) . Long before the United States was forced into the war, all the pilots knew what would be expected of them. They knew that themselves and all others in active preparation or about to come in developing knew that air power could rule any military state of affairs on land or sea. They knew one time at war, Americ an air power could rule everything. Planes circulars, care crews, and a uninterrupted flow of air force supplies in fast increasing volume would hold to be provided in order to blare out the everyplace. Everywhere that had a bridgehead must be the ultimate scene for air warfare carried on largely with American equipment operated and kept serviceable by Americans. All ground forcess that they and there Allies might direct against the enemy from the beginning would necessitate some of our air power. Even the British would go on to necessitate this aid from them because they would non hold plenty air force strength of their ain. The winging work forces knew all this because they knew what winging could make and they had followed closely the tendency of the war in Europe and North Africa. Had non the bad world of ruin from the air been brought place to the universe when the German hosts controlled most of Europe with their air strength? The pilots had no trouble seeing what ballad in del ay for them. The British had been making reasonably good in North Africa for several months in the early period of 1941. Their progress against the Axis ground forcess had been followed by American chase planes and bombers, along with the few British Machines they thought they could save from other outstations of the Empire. But they underestimated Axis air strength again. ( Mingos9-10 ) . It is hard to recognize that non until August 1, 1941 did the United States prohibition cargos of air power fuel to Japan. On December 7, while her envoies really were negociating a colony of common jobs with the American Government in Washington, Japan struck withought warning and harmonizing to the most celebrated of the Axis principles for get downing a war on the same twenty-four hours against American Army and Navy bases, and neighbouring civil communities at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, Manila in the Philippines, aftermath and other islands, and against the British in Hong Kong and Malaya. At 7:5 5 a.m. on December 7, 1941, Nipponese dive bombers came over the Army Air Base, Hickam Field, and the Naval Air Station on Ford Island. A few minits before, the Nipponese had struck the Naval Air Station at Kaneohe Bay. Bare seconds subsequently. enemy torpedo planes dive bombers came in from assorted countries to assail on the heavy ships at Pear Harbor. The enemy onslaught was really successful. Torpedo planes, helped efficaciously by dive bombers, constituted the major menace of the first stage of the Nipponese onslaught, enduring about a half hr. Twenty one gunman planes made four onslaughts, and 30 dive bombers came in, in eight moving ridges during this period. Fifteen horizontal bombers besides participated in this stage of the onslaught. Although the Japanese launched their first onslaught as a surprise, battlewagon ready machine guns opened fire at one time and increasingly shot by the staying anti-aircraft batteries were firing within five proceedingss ; patrol car, with a n mean clip of four proceedingss, and destroyers, opening up machine guns about instantly, averaged seven proceedingss in conveying all anti aircraft’s guns into action. ( Mingos12 ) . Obviously the most of import portion of the air war were the plannes so here are a few of them and some material about them. The North American B-25J Mithcell Medium Bomber was named for air power advocate General William Mitchell. The various B-25 served in every portion of the war. adapted for strafing onslaughts by the 396th Bomb Squadron in the cardinal Pacific, B-25s such as this one had 12 forward-firing machine guns and carried 300 lbs of bombs. ( Jablons106 ) . The Douglas A-20G Havoc Attack Bomber was one of the most widely used onslaught planes of the War, the A-20 had a top velocity of 339 miles per hour and carried 2,600 lbs of bombs. It had two turret mounted.50-caliber guns and six forward-firing machine guns. ( Jablons107 ) . The Martin B-26 Marauder Medium Bomber had a top veloc ity of 317 miles per hour. The B-26 was highly fast, but required a extremely skilled pilot to set down it. Armed with 11 machine guns and 4000 lb of bombs, it was powered by two 2,000-hp radial engines and had a maximal scope of 1,100 miles. ( Jablons107 ) . The Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress Heavy Bomber, whose moniker came from its heavy defensive armament, had a 104-foot wingspread, weighed 65,500 lbs, and could transport 17,600 lbs of bombs. The plane was armed with 13 machine guns. ( Jablons108 ) . The Boeing B-29 Superfortress had a 141 pes wingspread and a gross weight of 141000 lbs, made the B-29 the largest operational bomber of the war. Used merely against the Nipponese, it relied on its spread and heavy defensive armament to render it about invulnerable to enemy combatants. In August of 1945, B-29s dropped the firstatomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ( Jablons108 ) . The North American P-51D Mustang had six-wing mounted machine guns, a top velocity of 437 miles per hou r, and odd manoeuvrability, made the P-51 a superb combatant and one of the most celebrated planes of the war. More than 15,000 Mustangs were built. ( Jablons110 ) . The Lockheed P-38 Lightning Fighter was powered by two 1,425-hp liquid cooled engines, the P-38 had a top velocity of 414 miles per hour and carried a 20.mm. cannon and four machine guns in its olfactory organ. Designed as a high-level interceptors, the P-38 shot down more Nipponese planes than any other US fighter. ( Jablons111 ) . The Republic P-47D Thunderbolt was nicknamed the Jug because of its stubby, rounded fuselage, the P-47 was highly agile. Powered by a 2,300-hp radial engine, it had a top velocity of 428 miles per hour and carried eight wing-mounted machine guns. ( Jablons111 ) . The Northrop P-61A Black Widow Night Fighter was made for a crew of three and was designed for dark missions. It got its name from its black pigment and lifelessly armament-four20-mm. cannon, four machine guns and 6,400 lbs of bombs . Its twin roars made it resemble the P-38. ( Jablons111 ) . Written by Adam WWII The Air War name class levelTeachers name day of the month 1. Jblonski, Edward. America In The Air War. Alexandria: Time Life Books, 1982. 2. Mingos, Howard. American Heros Of The War In The Air. New York: Lancian Publishers INC. , 1943. 3.Schaffer, Ronald. Wingss of Judgement. Oxford: New York, 1985.

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Which is Best

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Which is Best Active Voice vs. Passive Voice: Which is Best? You may have heard the terms â€Å"active voice† and â€Å"passive voice† before, but many people struggle with what they mean. More importantly, many are also unsure about when to use these grammatical voices in academic writing. However, since sorting out tricky grammar problems is what we do best, we’ve decided to set things straight with this (fairly) easy-to-follow explanation. Transitive Verbs We’ll start out with explaining what a transitive verb is, as these are the only verbs that can be used with the passive voice. Put simply, a transitive verb is one that takes an object. A sentence with a transitive verb typically takes the form of subject + verb + object: Subject Verb Object Keith†¦ †¦plays†¦ †¦the guitar. Here, â€Å"Keith† is the subject (i.e., the person acting), â€Å"plays† is the verb (i.e., the action being carried out) and â€Å"guitar† is the object (i.e., the thing Keith is playing). Some say he has been playing since the beginning of time. Active and Passive Sentences â€Å"Keith plays the guitar† is an active sentence, since it foregrounds the person performing the action. Most of the sentences we use in daily life are similarly constructed. The active voice is therefore useful when you want to emphasize the person (or thing) carrying out the action in a sentence. To make a passive sentence, we make the object the subject of the sentence instead, with the person performing the action identified by a prepositional phrase at the end: Subject Verb Prepositional Phrase The guitar†¦ †¦was played†¦ †¦by Keith. The passive voice even allows us to omit the subject of a sentence altogether, if required: Object Verb The guitar†¦ †¦was played. But who played this guitar? A passive sentence leaves the question unanswered. This is useful if you’re trying to create suspense by withholding information or distance yourself from your actions (such as when politicians say â€Å"Mistakes were made.†) Relations with that woman were not had. Active Voice or Passive Voice? So, which is best? The short answer is neither: Both active and passive voice sentences have a role to play in formal writing. The key is knowing when to use them. Some people discourage use of the active voice in academic writing since it sometimes involves using the first person (e.g., â€Å"I† or â€Å"we†), which can draw focus away from the subject matter. Using the passive voice can therefore give your work a more objective tone. If you were describing an experiment, for instance, you could use the active voice to say: Active Voice: I compared the results with those from a control group. However, you could also remove the â€Å"I† from this sentence by using the passive voice: Passive Voice: The results were compared to those from the control group. The second option here is usually better in an academic context. On other occasions, the active voice is better, since it’s typically clearer and more concise. It’s also worth noting that the passive voice isn’t the only way to eliminate the first person from your work. The following active, first-person sentence, for example: Active Voice: I conclude that the findings contradict the initial hypothesis. Could be changed to the passive voice to remove reference to the subject: Passive Voice: The initial hypothesis is contradicted by the findings. But you could achieve the same results by simply using â€Å"the findings† as the subject of an active sentence: Active Voice: The findings contradict the initial hypotheses. This preserves the objectivity of a passive sentence, but avoids the complicated sentence constructions that may result from using the passive voice too often.

The 49 Techniques from Teach Like a Champion

The 49 Techniques from Teach Like a Champion The 49 Techniques first came to our attention in a March 7, 2010 article in the New York Times Magazine entitled Can Good Teaching Be Learned? The story focused on the book Teach Like a Champion by Doug Lemov. Having taught with mixed success in inner-city Philadelphia, some of us recognized the efficacy of the techniques, even in tough to handle classrooms. This article brings links to some of the blogs we found useful regarding this topic. Setting High Academic Expectations Technique One: No Opt Out. Teachers with high expectations dont accept I dont know, but expect students to be engaged and give it a shot.Technique Two: Right is Right. This technique accepts no half-answers but asks for complete and correct answers to questions.Technique Three: Stretch It. This technique pushes a teacher to take correct answers and ask students to add depth or nuance to their answers.Technique Four: Format Matters. High expectations also means only accepting students answers in complete sentence with good grammar.Technique Five: No Apologies. Teachers with high expectations dont apologize for what they teach. No more Sorry I have to teach you Shakespeare.Technique 39: Do It Again. Repetition is one way to be sure that students understand what you expect and that it is done to your standards. Planning that Ensures Academic Achievement Technique Six: Begin with the End. This planning technique focuses on the outcome instead of what you want to do during the period.Technique Seven: The Four Ms. The four ms of planning are:ManageableMeasureableMade FirstMost Important.Technique Eight: Post It. Be sure your students know your objective for the day by posting it on the board.Technique Nine: The Shortest Path. Although teachers are often enamored with clever approaches, Lemov asserts that the shortest path to the objective is the most effective.Technique 10: Double Plan. Double planning involves planning not only what you will do, but also what the students will do during a lesson.Technique 11: Draw the Map. Drawing the map is controlling the environment by wisely grouping students through the seating chart. Structuring and Delivering Your Lessons Technique 12: The Hook. Introducing the lesson with a hook, an activity or item that grabs the attention of your students will help enhance your lesson.Technique 13: Name the steps. Great coaches, like great teachers, break down the tasks into steps.Technique 14: Board Paper. This technique means that students put everything you put on the board on their paper.Technique 15: Circulate. Keep moving! Drawing the map suggests making room between the desks so the teacher moves unhindered.Technique 16: Break it Down. Breaking it down requires the teacher to use the wrong answers and help students discover the correct number.Technique 17: Ratio Part One. This is a complex idea and requires two parts! It involves increasing student participation and limiting teacher talk.Technique 17: Ratio Part Two. More strategies for increasing the time students are involved in discussion.Technique 18: Check for Understanding. This is an on your feet method of data collection, sort of a formative assessm ent on the run. Technique 19: At Bats. Baseball coaches know that the best way to increase effectiveness is to increase the number of times they are at bat.Technique 20: Exit Ticket. An exit ticket is a quick formative assessment of the lesson your students just finished.Technique 21: Take a Stand. This technique encourages students to have opinions and to take stands on those opinions. Engaging Students in your Lesson Technique 22: Cold Calls. Like the sales technique, the teacher asks someone who is unsuspecting for an answer. It avoids opting out, and keeps all your students on their toes.Technique 23: Call and Response. This technique uses a tradition from African American hymnody and creates a way that the whole class can participate in questioningTechnique 24: Pepper. Like a coach lobbing balls to his fielders, a teacher can pepper his or her students with fast-paced questions, which makes it fun and keeps students on their toes.Technique 25: Wait Time. Teachers are too often too impatient, and provide an answer to their own question when no student pops a hand up. On the other hand, teachers also dont give students time to shape a complete, thoughtful response to a question.Technique 26: Everybody Writes. What goes on the board needs to go in the notebooks.Technique 27: Vegas. Nothing like a little glitz to liven up classroom instruction! Creating a Strong Classroom Culture Technique 28: Entry Routine. Having a structured entry routine expedites the beginning of instruction.Technique 29: Do Now. Familiar to elementary teachers and devotees of Harry Wong as bell work, Do Nows are brief academic tasks to review the previous days work or to introduce the days new work.Technique 30: Tight Transitions. Transitions need to be scripted and rehearsed, so little time is wasted between instructional activities.Technique 32: SLANT. SLANT is an acronym for what excellent attention behavior looks like.Technique 33: On Your Mark. Coaches expect athletes to be ready to engage in their sport. In the same way, a teacher shows students what they need to be on their mark.Technique 34: Seat Signals. Simple hand signals simplify requesting routine interruptions, such as using a bathroom or getting a pencil, can eliminate some of the waste of time that plague instruction.Technique 35: Props. In Teach Like a Champion, parlance, props are fun routines the class does together t o support the success of their peers. Building and Maintaining High Behavioral Expectations Technique 36: 100 Percent. Champion teachers dont create unreasonable behavioral expectations, because their final expectation is that everyone conforms all (100%) of the time.Technique 37: What to Do. Be sure, if you are asking for compliance, that you have been very explicit in explaining what it is you want your students To Do.Technique 38: Strong Voice Part One and Part Two. This technique, strong voice, is one that separates the really effective teacher from the adequate. Its in two parts so you understand its use and how to acquire it. The Blogs below continue the chapter Setting and Maintaining High Behavioral Expectations. Technique 39: Do It Again. This technique is perhaps the only negative consequence that truly works. When students fail to meet your standards, you ask them to Do it again. They model the appropriate behavior but are eager not to have to do it again.Technique 40: Sweat the Details. Building on the broken window theory of policing, Lemov notes that maintaining high standards will have positive effects across the classroom environment.Technique 41: Threshold. This threshold is the one at the door. By meeting and greeting students as they enter you can set the tone for your class.Technique 42: No Warnings. Responding early and proportionately can help you avoid real crises. So rather than giving warning, you mete out consequences when the behavior is still only a minor problem. Building Character and Trust Technique 43 Part 1: Positive Framing. Positive Framing means casting things in a way that is positive and leads to appropriate behavior. This blog starts with three strategies to help you frame it positively.Technique 43 Part 2. Three more strategies for framing classroom experiences positively.Technique 44: Precise Praise. Rather than cheap praise, precise praise is valued by students because it describes what it is you are pleased with.Technique 45: Warm and Strict. It may seem that warm and strict are contradictory, but effective teachers can be both at the same time.Technique 46: The J Factor. The J in J factor stands for Joy. This technique offers ideas to help your students experience the Joy!Technique 47: Emotional Constancy. An effective teacher keeps his or her emotions in check and doesnt make it all about him or herself. Make your good moods about good performance, not about pleasing you.Technique 48: Explain Everything. Be sure your students understand why you do what yo u do, as the why is an important part of instruction. Technique 49: Normalize Error. If students understand that errors are not the end of the world but an opportunity to learn, they will be more willing to take risks and more likely to learn. Teach Like a Champion is an excellent resource for teaching, especially for middle school and high school students. Besides the 49 techniques, it includes recommendations for improving instructional delivery. The book also includes video demonstrations of the techniques which make it well worth investing in the book.

Business Research Discussion Week 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Research Discussion Week 11 - Essay Example When p-value goes down, the price goes up; on the contrary, the price goes up whenever the p-value goes up. However, when the p-value goes up, the mile goes up and vice-versa. Therefore, an increase on p-value will automatically lower the price of purchasing the gas. Thus, the expenditure will go down as well. On the other hand, an increase in p-value lead to an increase in mile covered. Therefore, this means that a decrease in p-value will lead to a decrease in mile and hence reduce the expenditure. The determination of the coefficient significance is by what best measures the strength of the relationship and it is r2. The strength is expressed in the given levels of probability (Sonneveld, 2008). The data can be used to make principal decision based on the implications. A decrease in p-value lead to a decrease in price of purchasing the gas, then the company can make a decision on how to reduce the p-value, hence reduce their expenditure as well. Consequently, the company can use the data to decide on how to lower the p-value hence lower the miles covered. Thus, this will in turn lower their annual expenditure and hence more profit to the company (Neudecker &

What was new about Darwin's theory of Human Nature Essay

What was new about Darwin's theory of Human Nature - Essay Example (Mayr) Darwins theory, although successful in profoundly shaking scientific opinion about the development of life, could not explain the source of variation in traits within a species, and Darwins proposal of a hereditary mechanism was not compelling to biologists. Although the occurrence of evolution of some sort became a widely-accepted view among scientists, Darwins specific ideas about evolution—that it occurred gradually by natural and sexual selection—were actively attacked and rejected. Darwins theory nearly shattered the traditional Christian notion that humanity, poised between beast and angel, was literally formed in Gods image. Darwin pointed out, long before we knew that we share 98.5 percent of our genetic material with chimpanzees, that what looks back at us in the mirror is not the face of God but is kin to the earthbound apes. As the Edinburgh Review warned at the time, "a revolution in thought is imminent, which will shake society to its very foundations by destroying the sanctity of the conscience and the religious sense." (Zimmer) Darwins theory created a revolution in thought. It took over 100 years for the shock of our humble origins to wear off and for scientists to begin to address the serious implications that Darwinian evolution has for understanding human nature. During that time, greatly due to Darwins contribution, Western cultures faith in science grew, as faith in a Supreme Being guiding our destiny diminished. Something fascinating seems to happen when human beings begin to ponder the process of evolution. Something that calls forth awe at diversity and recognizes unity in life. Even Darwin, in The Descent of Man, used his own godless logic to envision a greater human unity that borders on the spiritual: "As man advances in civilization and small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts and sympathies to all the members

History And Overview Of The Horse Breeds History Essay

History And Overview Of The Horse Breeds History Essay Horse is a majestic animal which has been domesticated more than 7000 years ago and has spread all over the word during the last 5000 years. It is an animal loved by every human being without an exception for its majestic look and the ability that the horse could be easily trained for various purposes of mankind due to the creatures intelligence and docility when compared with other animals. Due to its reliability people have used this animal as a widely accepted land transport method with mobility and speed until the horse got replaced in the recent past with the dawn of motoring age. The different roles it had played in war as war mounts, chargers, gun draughts in the armies of renowned emperors like Alexander, Napoleon and Genghis khan and the role that horse played in World War I could never be matched. Still most of all the countries in the world use this animal for ceremonial purposes, for sports activities and some still utilize it for heavy work and agricultural purposes as w ell. Evolution of this mammal that belongs to the family of Equidae and biologically known as Equus ferus caballus at present, has taken place for more than 45 million years. There have been mainly three types of wild horses, namely Feral, Tarpan and the Przewalskis horse from which the modern day variants have developed. The Feral horses are still in existence while Tarpan horse is extinct where the last animal has died in captivity at a Russian zoo in 1909. Przewalskis horses which were also thought to have become extinct from the world were rediscovered in the remote parts of Mongolia. With the help of the science and the conservation efforts taken by the animal lovers, it still roams in the prairies of Mongolia and Russia. In the modern horse family there are seven family members other than the horse, namely Ass or the Donkey, Mountain zebra, Plains zebra, Grevys zebra, Kiang and the Onager. Most importantly and interestingly, these types can be crossbred with each other to develop new types though some are sexually infertile (although the result of crossbreeding a donkey and a horse is a mule, two mules cannot reproduce another mule). Another interesting point is the difference between the horse and the pony; though people have a common belief that they belong to different species, they dont and the only difference is based on the height of the animal. The standard unit of measurement for the height of horse is known as Hands  [1]  (4 inch). If the height of the animal is above 14.5 hands it is known as a horse and animals below this height are known as ponies. However there are few breeds that measure below 14.5 hands and still called as horses than ponies despite the international standard being 14.5 hands. There are many types (more than 300) of modern horses and ponies available in the world according to the general stud book of horses but they belong to three groups based on the ancestral blood lines; the benchmark quality considered for breeding and upgrading. Hot blood These were the horses that evolved in the Middle East and Far East towards Mongolia, adopted to live under hot climates. They are small built with shiny coats and are widely renowned for their speed and endurance. They are also called the oriental horses. Cold blood These horses got evolved in the cold climes in the northern highlands in Europe and Scandinavia adopted to the cold weather conditions with a heavy build and thick coats and were generally used for farm and draught work. Warm blood When Europeans and the easterners started to interact through war, trade and diplomacy, hot blooded and cold blooded horses too interacted with each other, resulting in the development of the warm blooded horses suitable for riding purposes. This new breed led the process of developing the dominant thoroughbred horse. During the renaissance in Europe, equestrian sports became the popular leisure time of royals, regents and nobles creating the need and urge of demand to have horses with agility, speed and sprinting capabilities to win competition races. The breeders in England developed the Thoroughbred by crossbreeding the European breeds with oriental Arab horses. Thoroughbred is considered the hallmark of all horse breeds right around the world for the last couple of centuries. Though there are thousands of thoroughbreds round the world, interestingly their ancestry could be traced back to three Arab stallions called Darley Arabian, Godolphin Arabian and the Byrely Turk, thoroughbred horses belong to the category of hot blood type. Most of the warm blood breeds could be upgraded to thoroughbreds which will be the core of this research paper as well. Picture Although the presences of horses have been reported in Sri Lanka since the Vijayan times, the existences of horses were more prominent after the arrival of Europeans to Sri Lanka. In 1505AD when the Portuguese arrived, they found that their native horses were not much adopted to the tropical environment prevailed in Sri Lanka, hence they started developing a new breed using Indian and Middle East horses that could fare well in the existing environment. But they had only a limited area of control within the country and by 1600 AD they utilized the Delft Island to breed horses, since it was an island, remote from the main Island and they had easy access to India to bring horses, the breeding of horses took place very easily and effectively while the island won the title Ilha Das Cavallas or Island of the horses. Delft_Horse.jpg After the arrival of Dutch, they took over control of the coastal areas of Sri Lanka and further developed the Delft horse breeding facility by introducing new blood lines in to Delft from Far East. Picture During the early British time they used the same facility much more effectively by appointing a subaltern superintendent for the purpose, subsequently when the entire country was conquered, they abandoned the facility at Delft and utilized Nuwara Eliya and Diyathalawa as their new breeding grounds marking the golden era of equestrian sports in the country. British colonists were able to construct and have racing in Race courses at Colombo, Nuwara Eliya, Avissawella and Boossa in Galle and had a much prestigious polo grounds at Diyatalawa. Their control over the country for a longer time invariably had a positive impact in developing good breeds for their day to day requirements and leisure.DSCN4327.jpg CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY AIM The aim of the research paper is to study, analyze and prove the possibility of breeding native thoroughbred horses. Statement OF PROBLEM It is evident that we have used horses since very ancient times and the history proves that horses are brought here from India and Arabia. The Mahawansa says in 236 BC two tradesmen Sena and Guthika who came to Sri Lanka for the trading of horses took the control of the Anuradhapura city and ruled the country for 22 years. There are some older records in Mahawansa about the horses at the period of King Pandukabhaya (436BC-367BC). The existences and breeding of horses were more prominent after the arrival of Europeans to Sri Lanka in 1505BC. However after the colonial era this majestic animal had been neglected by the people and the breeds which were available got deteriorate in terms of quality with time, limiting the entire breed to a pony in the island of Delft and to a negligible number of horses with few private owners. Horses have been recorded in Sri Lankan history for more than 2000 years; however we have been unable to establish a thorough bred horse breed presently in Sri La nka unlike other countries in our region and world over. JUSTIFICATION Although this research is limited to five thousand words and for a period of little over two months which places lot of implications on the outcome of such a vast topic, considering the fact that Sri Lanka Air Force have initiated in setting up of an equestrian sport unit, this research can be reasonably justified based on the impact that could be made on this majestic field as a capable public organization through a collective effort with Mounted Police division, Sri Lanka Army and other relevant and interested agencies to add a sense of glamour and pride by replacing foreign horses with our own, that are being used during major state functions such as Independents day parade, Victory day parade and introduce them in military parades. Further if the objectives of this research could be achieved. At the end of the day it would save exorbitant amounts of money spent on importing horses and enable to introduce and revive horse riding, Polo and other equestrian sports and make a massive contribution to the inflow of tourism and foreign currency. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will be based mainly on documentary sources. It is intended to gather primary and secondary data information as follows. Primary source of collection of information are based on documentary sources including publications, Newspaper articles, private horse breeding organizations and government organizations. Secondary source will be interviews conducted with the professionals of the veterinary science and experts on horse breeding in the country. OBJECTIVES General Objective. Analyze the possibility of breeding native thoroughbred horses. Specific Objectives. The specific objectives of the research are as follows. The background of horse breeding in the world. The background of horse breeding in Sri Lanka. Study about breeding and developing native thoroughbred horses in Sri Lanka. Study about the problems faced in breeding horses in Sri Lanka. Analysis on breeding native thoroughbred horses and the advantages of having such a breed in Sri Lanka. Hypothesis It is possible to develop and establish a native thoroughbred horse in Sri Lanka. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The data collection has planned to carry out based on documentary sources including publications, browsing the Internet, private horse breeding organizations and government organizations. Information will be collected from interviews of the professionals of the veterinary science and experts in horse breeding. DATA ANALYSE TECHNIQUES The most part of the data analysis will be Predictive analytics. The collected data from different sources such as professionals and experts in the field will be taken in to consideration. CHAPTER ORGANIZATION Chapters will be organized on following manner Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Methodology Chapter 3 Back ground Chapter 4 Data Chapter 5 Analysis Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation LIMITATIONS The time available to conduct this research will be approximately 3 months which does not permit a biological analysis with the help of the experts using the Delft ponies or to do a test breeding of a native horse practically by using Delft pony. The length of the paper will be limited to about 5000 words, and it will not be possible to collect data from all the reliable sources. CHAPTER 3 THE BACKGROUND Once the British rule in Sri Lanka ended in 1948, breeding of horses died a natural death with time due many reasons. Non availability of qualified veterinary surgeons in the country became the top most and there were only a handful of elite locals who had the capacity and influence to maintain their animals. Apart from that the Europeans during their time never let the horses in to the wild for natural breeding. Some religious beliefs against animal cruelty and gambling also contributed towards the downfall. After the existing numbers dwindled, people had to buy them from the other countries paying a large amount of money. Picture Though there are no native horses within the country, as mentioned in Para 9 after abandoning of the Delft Island stud, few horses left in the Island (Picture 1, 2 3) did survive and the reproduction has taken place naturally. But due to poor natural resources they have adopted well to the harsh environment of the Delft Island.DSCN4328.jpg As a result, the quality of the animal deteriorated in terms of height and athletic ability thus reducing the entire standard from horses to hard adopted ponies. The Delft Island was not in the proper control of the Sri Lankan government for thirty years due to the war, but as a result of timely action that included the Delft pony in 1970 in to the schedule iii of the fauna and flora protection ordinance that covers the list of Absolutely Protected Species we are still lucky to know a herd of more than 500 wild ponies are in the Island at the moment  [2]  . According to the Director (operations) Wild life Sri Lanka, a programme with the help of the Sri Lanka Navy to protect the wild ponies existing in the Island is under way. No proper veterinary research has been done to identify the type of the ponies available and their adoptability and however, Dr. Sampath Lokugalappathi an enthusiast at the Veterinary faculty of Peradeniya believes that the Delft pony descends from hot blood lines and Warm blood lines taking in to account the recorded ancestry. A proper analysis using the DNA technology could resolve the mystery and according to him since the Delft stud was maintained by Portuguese, Dutch and English, the ponies might carry quality genes of their European ancestors. HORSE BREEDING IN THE WORLD AND IN SRI LANKA The earliest people who recorded the breeding of horses are known to be from the Middle East since 1330 AD. Even Europeans started horse breeding many long years back. And further its believed that the nomads of the Mongolian steps have bred horses for several thousand years. In the modern day world, many of the countries breed horses on their own for many purpose but Americans Arabians and Europeans mainly breed horses now for equestrian sports. Also many of the western countries breed horses for commercial purposes. Considering the horse breeding in post independence era in Sri Lanka, most significant developments came as the horse lover cum business tycoon Mr Upali Wijewardane started breeding horses and it is said that he had upgraded the delft blood lines to a certain extent by the time of his untimely death. Then in the mid eighties, the Government of Sri Lanka started the much awaited project of upgrading the delft blood lines in to the Sri Lankan thoroughbred horse with introducing Australian thoroughbred blood lines by importing a white stallion named Sydney through the mount police division. The first official half bred of this project was a grey stallion named Super Charger that stole the hearts of local horse lovers. Later the project was expanded through the Mahaweli scheme by establishing an official breeding farm at Kalawewa with the horses owned early by Mr Upali Wijewardane and the new Australian influenced local blood lines, success went to the extent of being able to breed a thr ee quarter bred horse. But during the insurrection in 1988, the facility was destroyed unluckily and all the horses and some pregnant mares carrying the embryos of the upgraded horses were killed by the insurgents. Picture Although some efforts made to revive the project using Pakistani blood lines in early nineties had not flourished due to various constrains including health complications. Since then no government projects were conducted for breeding of horses. But some of the animal lovers started breeding horses in private capacity. And they were not much interested in breeding a native thoroughbred since it was time and resource consuming and the inability of access to use the new technology. But a horse lover named Mr Ajit Chitty who is a very enthusiastic still do horse breeding in his farm at Galewela. He has started breeding horses using Delft ponies and according to Mr Chitty they have bred up to three quarter bred level by cross breeding with an Indian thoroughbred (Picture 4). 256729-horsesthe-farm-dambulla-sri-lanka.jpg Further Gamini Jayarathne Stables are also pioneers on horse breeding in Sri Lanka. They have tried to breed thoroughbred horses in 2005 but had failed due to lack of qualified veterinary staff specialized in horse breeding  [3]  . Premadasa Riding School is also another famous equestrian sports establishment in Sri Lanka. They have number of horses in their inventory, they are mainly Indian thoroughbreds. Though they use the term Sri Lankan thoroughbreds  [4]  for some samples the breed has not been registered in the general stud book for horse breeds in the world. The Mount police division mainly participate and hold dominance in equestrian activities in all the major national ceremonies, they are mainly the experts on horse handling and horse training, and to a certain extent have the know how to deal with horse health. They have done horse breeding during early period but not in resent past. They mainly import castrated horses rather than breeding them for their purpose. CHAPTER 4 DATA USING DELFT PONIES TO DEVELOP A NATIVE THOROUGHBRED HORSE AND PROBLEMS FACED IN BREEDING HORSES IN SRI LANKA Selecting a location for breeding. Before selection of the sample it has to be confirmed that the type of the ponies (Hot, Warm, Cold blood) and the quality of the genus. This will be a main concern before starting the project. It is very much important to locate a site closer to the Peradeniya since there are no any other veterinary experts on horse breeding within the country other than the experts at the Veterinary Faculty of Peradeniya. Space of the location should be sufficient enough to cater more than 20 horses with an area for their activities. This facility should have sufficient number of stables for the horses. Selection and transporting of Delft ponies. Authority should be obtained from the Wild life Conservation to capture wild ponies from Delft Island. Veterinary expertise should be taken when selecting of ponies at Delft with the help of the Veterinary Faculty of Peradeniya to select healthy and adequately grown samples. It will be ideal to obtain 5 or more mares as well as stallions. Transporting the animals from the island to the mainland will need expertise support and they will be needed to be transport by road to the location taking time and giving adequate rest to the animals. Special protection will be needed to take care of their health during transportation. Breeding methods. There are several methods used to breed horses in the world and each technique has advantages and disadvantages. They are as follows Normal mating of the stallion and the mares. This will be the easiest method of reproduction of horses. All the stables in Sri Lanka use this method since it doesnt need any special tools, techniques or training. But this method has disadvantages such as requirement of a healthy good quality stallion and accidents during contact (kicking by the mare). Artificial insemination. This is known to be as a much more secure method. It will emit the risk of having reproduction disabilities of the stallion. And this will allow transferring quality genes from a required type of a stallion. Embryo Transfer. Flushing out the mares fertilized embryo a few days after the insemination, and transferring to a substitute mare. This method will require qualified veterinary surgeons with the technology, proper equipments and a proper facility. Egg Transfer. Egg is removed from the mare and transferred in to a second mare, which is then bred. This method will also require qualified veterinary surgeons with the technology, proper equipments and a proper facility. Breeding techniques. There are mainly three techniques used during breeding this will enable to transfer required qualities of a particular horse to the new generations. Inbreeding. It is a way of mating two genetically related animals (horse). This can result the offspring to be effected with unwanted (deleterious) traits. Linebreeding. It is a way of inbreeding, to fix desirable traits of one particular animal (horse) to the next generation. Outcrossing. This technique is used to introduce unrelated genetics in to a breeding line. Selection of the Breeding Method and the technique. Since it is much costly to buy a thoroughbred stallion and considering the risk of failing, the normal mating will not be considered. The Embryo Transfer and Egg Transfer methods require the technology and the qualified veterinary surgeons; therefore Artificial insemination method will be selected to fertilize the mares.E:No 35 JC SCDelft pic2000px-Intense_inbreeding_-_Continuous_sire_to_daughter_mating.svg.png Figure 1The requirement of developing a new thoroughbred with the genetic traits of the delft ponies will require using Linebreeding technique. The requirement of transferring genetics of the delft ponies with a thoroughbred will be full filed by using this technique, it will transfer genetic traits of delft ponies and thoroughbred to the next generation. The basic concept of the linebreeding is using high quality desirable traits in animal (thoroughbred) (S) to its daughter (D) and again to her daughter (D1) and so on (Figure 1). This will increase the presence of the genes of the father in the offspring. At the level of the fourth generation offspring will carry more than 93% of genes of the father (Table 1). Further linebreeding will create a near clone of a desirable individual. Table This technique is commonly used by the horse breeders to rare high quality horses by mixing the genes. Also this method will allow having a clear trace by the comparison with the parents about genes transfer rate and the improvement of the quality of the offspring. Hence it is recommended to use linebreeding with artificial insemination for the beginning of the breeding. Veterinary surgeon Dr Somarathne highlighted the advantages of using linebreeding with artificial insemination which is very much cost effective and much more reliable method for a country like ours. Breeding the mares. Horse semen  [5]  is available in the international market. America, Arabia, Australia and United Kingdom are the main and most reliable and good quality horse semen producers to the international market. Horse semen can be selected by checking quality of the pedigree of the donor stallion. Figure 2The most important thing which will need the veterinary expertise support to carry out will be the artificial insemination. During this process the sperms of a thoroughbred horse will be placed in to a reproductive tract of a Delft pony. The knowledge of the oestrous cycle (Figure 2) of the mare will indicate when the mare is ready for breeding. Normally ovulate every 3 weeks during the natural breeding season. To do the artificial insemination successfully one must identify the fertilizing period of the mare accurately. Picture 5This cycle will be control by the hormones released by the pituitary glands. Mares will start its oestrous cycle at the puberty, which is normally 1 ½ years from birth. After that they are suitable for use for the reproduction. During the artificial insemination process (Picture 5) more than one mare has to be bred to increase the next generation live stock. Artificial insemination will be done by a veterinary surgeon and all the required veterinary procedures will be adopted.E:No 35 JC SCDelft picai.jpg The Pregnancy. This will be the period that the foetus  [6]  is developing within the mares uterus. Special requirement to care for the mare during this period is essential specially giving the proper nutrition. The period from the fertilization to birth is known as gestation period. This period is normally 333 to 336 days (11 calendar months) for a mare but it may vary for thoroughbreds as 310 to 374 days. Also environmental factors and nutrition of the foetus may change the length of the pregnancy. Figure 3The pregnant mare will have to be checked periodically by a veterinary surgeon to asses and to check the proper growth of the foetus. This will enable to identify disorders of the foetus if any. The development of the foetus during the pregnancy is given in the following diagram (Table 2). It elaborates how the foetuses develop inside the womb with the time up to the birth. Day of Pregnancy Primary Development 1 24 hours after conception, the conceptus, i.e. the combination of egg and sperm, start to divide into two cells. This cell division continues into 4,16,32,64, ect. 6 The dividing cell bundle arrives in the uterus and at the same time breaks open its outer layer and hatches 18 Fetus now takes on C shape. Gut tube developing and umbilical cord is identifiable 23 All the basic body structures, neural tube (central nervous system and brain), pharynx, gut tube and major muscle block are present in a basic from 26 Forelimb bud and eye now evident 40 Nostrils seen, ears forming, all limbs are present, and elbow and stifle joints are discernible 45 External genitalia present 63 Eyelids fused while eye development continues. Sole and frog areas of hoof evident 120 Chin hair and eyelashes growing 180 Tail and mane present 320- 355 Birth of a well developed foal that is capable of walking 20 minutes after birth Table Birth of the foal. Before the foaling process the mare will be separated from the other ponies in order to ensure the safety of the foal  [7]  . Delivery will be encouraged naturally under supervision of a veterinary surgeon. A healthy foal can walk within 20 minutes after the birth and it has to be cared and kept separate from the other ponies for safety until it grows 4 weeks. After 4 weeks it will start to eat hay, grass and grain. After 10 weeks it needs more nutrition than the mares milk. When the foal completes one year it is called as a Yearling  [8]  and sometimes called as colt for male horses and filly for female horses who are from one to four years of age. Though the filly is suitable for use for the reproduction after 1 ½ years, due to abnormalities that can occur in mares animals at the age of four or more will be used for the reproduction in upgrading process. This same process has to be done to few other ponies to get maximum number of  ½ bred horses to be used for the next generation reproduction. Mainly the fillies have to be taken care of for the next generation reproduction and they have to be kept away from other stallions to avoid unnecessary pregnancies. Continuing this process for three generations will allow to rare 7/8 breed as given in the figure 4. The fourth generation of breeding will be a thoroughbred with Delft pony genes. The total of average reproduction time and the time the fillies utilized for the next generation reproduction is given in the following diagram (Table 3). Time Reproduction process 1 Year 1 Month To transfer from fillies to mare 4 Years Total 5 Years 1 Month Table Problems faced. The main problem that can face is the time duration that will take place for the linebreeding with artificial insemination. As per the Table 3, it will take more than 5 years to complete the first step up to the half bred horse. To achieve 7/8 bred stage will take 15 years and the thoroughbred more than 20 years. Problems may arise during obtaining authority for such a project from the relevant authorities since the wild ponies belong to the wild life department and to obtain and transport them for breeding has to be done with their authority. And the breeding process will be required to have the patronage of a permanent or a frequent visiting veterinary surgeon which will incur a very high cost. Unavailability of the qualified horse handlers in the country will be another serious problem. To care off more than 10-15 horses will require a staff of nearly 5 men who are trained on the subject. Although Artificial insemination is a proven technique in the world for breeding, this method will be used for the first time in the country for this particular animal. There are no references on artificial insemination for horse breeding in the country to refer during this project.  ½ Bred 3/4 Bred 7/8 Bred Figure 4 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS Since the only major project which was done in 80s was destroyed completely and not any private horse breeder have done this project properly according to the scientific requirements, there are no proof to be shown as the project can be really succeed. According to the horse breeding manuals  [9]  and as per the veterinary experts it is possible to develop a new breed using Delft pony and thoroughbred horse. The mixing of genes with a thoroughbred will increase the height of the new offspring and by the fourth generation they will grow beyond 14.5 Hands and will changed the category from pony to horse. The whole programme will be dependent on the blood type of the Delft pony. If it carry cold blood, the expectation on developing a thoroughbred will be much more difficult, time consuming and more costly. But as per the expertise such as Mr Ajith Chitty confirm that they do not belong to cold blood type (No any scientific proof). As per the table 3 it will take more than 20 years to complete four reproduction steps to achieve the thoroughbred horse with Delft pony genes. And since it is done through line breeding, during the third and fourth breeding it will not be practical to find out semen (sperms) of same donor stallion. But during third and fourth breeding using another stallion that is related to the first donor stallion will help out to increase the gene pool of the offspring. As the equestrian activities are very limited among the Sri Lankans the sample taken for the questionnaire was very narrow, but the qualifications, experience and the knowledge on the subject of the sample taken was very high. According to the questionnaire (Annex A) distributed among the sample the following results were obtained. Table Table Table CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION Since there are no any past records of a project of this nature, this proje